How to avoid “Could not launch .. failed to get the task for process” from XCode

I used to get this message when building for my device.

“Could not launch xyz failed to get the task for process xyz”

The message seems to be harmless, as I can dismiss the warning dialog. The app on my device launches for a second and then exits.
The app can be launched normally afterwards.

I finally realised that what I did wrong was that I used a distribution provision for signing the app.
Once I made the switch to a development provisioning profile, the app can be installed and can even be hooked to the XCode debugger.